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Guide to Hispanic Heritage

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Long before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and before the incursions of the Spanish explorers and conquistadores in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Americas were home for thousands of years to a variety of civilizations and empires. As the understanding of agriculture improved and larger populations could be supported, small settlements grew into vast urban centres ruled by an aristocracy that was looked to among other things for propitiation of the gods. These civilizations waxed and waned (producing calendars and a writing system as well as huge building complexes) according to a natural order until the Spanish conquest. The resultant colonization wrought many changes, notably an overlay of the Spanish language, now the official language of most countries lying south of the United States. But less obviously, it brought cross-fertilization, a unique blending of local cultures with that of remote Spain and later of Africa as well, a melding that resulted in a distinctively Latin American style that was apparent in everything from art, dance, music, and literature to leadership. holiday last minute wales

We invite you to explore the people, places, events, and traditions that have shaped and continue to shape the vibrant Hispanic culture that thrives today in South, Central, and North America: people such as the gifted writer and Nobelist Octavio Paz, the talented dancer and choreographer Alicia Alonso, the celebrated liberator Sim n Bol var, the notorious dictator Augusto Pinochet, and the brilliant business leader Roberto Crispulo Goizueta; the various countries of Latin America; historical events such as the Mexican War (1846 48) and the Battle of Ayacucho (1824); and cultural celebrations such as Cinco de Mayo and the Day of the Dead. catering holiday self wales

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Encyclop dia Britannica is proud to present a new feature on one of history s darkest chapters, the Holocaust. Central to this feature is an overview article by Britannica s Holocaust adviser, Dr. Michael Berenbaum, the former director of the Holocaust Research Institute at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, former president of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, and author of The World Must Know and Witness to the Holocaust, among other books. This feature is divided into five parts, covering everything from the origins of the Holocaust in the mind of Adolf Hitler to the legacy of the horror in art and memory. Long-debated controversies are discussed, such as why the Allies chose not to bomb Hitler s death camps, as well as the actions of the Roman Catholic Church, and of Pope Pius XII in particular, during the years of the Holocaust. There are also extensive photographs and videos (warning: some of them are graphic), an extended bibliography, and discussion questions tied to each of the five parts and written especially for teachers and classroom use. Photos holiday wales walking

Britannica.com gathers the opinions of world leaders and thinkers on current social issues from human rights to theories on peace and nonviolence. books of hope forum current social issues book of hope human rights book of hopes women s movement dalai lama social philosophy political corruption peace queen noor landmine ban nelson mandela apartheid books of hope forum current social issues book of hope human rights book of hopes women s equality dalai lama social philosophy political corruption queen noor landmine ban disarmament nelson mandela apartheid mary robinson peace convention on the rights of the child jedediah purdy michael debakey twyla tharp cardinal etchegaray current social issues architecture frank gehry joseph rotblat peter eigen social philosophy betty friedan muhammad yunus micocredit grameen bank world visions norman borlaug current social issues william drayton world vision central america landmine ban michael debakey political corruption twyla tharp frank gehry joseph rotblat mary robinson new millennium cardinal etchegaray betty friedan william drayton jedediah purdy norman borlaug muhammad yunus nuruddin farah convention on the rights of the child new millennium world visions oscar arias sanchez

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• Camp, Walter Photograph Walter Camp.
• football, gridiron: NCAA playing field Art Football field according to NCAA specifications. Professional field varies slightly.
• football, gridiron: offensive and defensive formations Art Offensive and defensive formations.
• Rockne, Knute

Photograph Knute Rockne.

• Super Bowl: halftime festivities at Super Bowl XXX, 1996

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• Super Bowl: Starr in Super Bowl I, 1967

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• 3C 265 Photograph Three radio galaxies.
• blue dwarf galaxy Photograph Various galactic types.
• galaxy: irregular galaxies Photograph Four irregular galaxies, as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
• galaxy: quasar host galaxies Photograph Six quasar host galaxies, as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
• galaxy: Whirlpool Galaxy

Photograph The Whirlpool Galaxy (left), also known as M51, an Sc galaxy accompanied by a small, irregular holiday in wales

totalitarianism, was nevertheless not rigidly enforced and was limited by the institution of private property. Some eighty percent of the empire's population consisted of peasants. The vast majority of Russian peasants lived in communes (obshchiny), which held land in common and periodically redistributed it to member households to allow for changes in family size. The communal organization, composed of heads of households, exercised great control over members. Communal peasants did not own their land but merely cultivated it for a period of time determined by local custom. Under these conditions they had little opportunity to develop respect for private property or any of the other qualities necessary for citizenship. Politically they tended toward primitive anarchism. To some extent this also held true for industrial workers, some two million strong at the turn of the century, most of whom came from the village. The intelligentsia was partly liberal, partly radical, but in either case unalterably opposed to the status quo. Radical intellectuals tried in the 1860s and '70s to stir the peasants and workers to rebellion. Having met with no response, they adopted methods of terror, which culminated in 1881 in the assassination of Emperor Alexander II. The government reacted with repressive measures that kept the revolutionaries at bay for the next two decades. In the meantime the field was left to liberal intellectuals, who in January 1904 formed the Union of Liberation, a semilegal political body committed to the struggle for democracy. The oppositional groups received their chance in 1904 05 when Russia became involved in a war with Japan. Caused by Russia's designs on Manchuria, the war went badly from the start, lowering the regime's prestige in the eyes of the people. The Union of Liberation, moving into the open, presented a program of fundamental political reforms. In January 1905, following the massacre of a worker demonstration bearing a petition drafted by the Union of Liberation ( Bloody Sunday ), the country exploded in rebellion, which, ebbing and flowing in response to news from the front, reached a climax in October 1905. On October 17 (October 30, New Style), faced with a general strike, Emperor Nicholas II issued a manifesto that promised the country a legislative parliament. The October Manifesto in effect ended the autocratic system. The following year Russia was given a constitution. Elections took place to a representative body, the State Duma, which was empowered to initiate and veto legislative proposals. The population received guarantees of fundamental civil liberties. Censorship was abolished. Between 1906 and 1911 Russia was administered by the greatest statesman of the late imperial era, Pyotr Stolypin. Stolypin both ruthlessly suppressed disorders and carried out extensive reforms. The most important of these were laws allowing peasants to withdraw from the commune and establish independent farmsteads. Stolypin hoped to create a self-reliant yeomanry to act as a stabilizing force in the countryside. He also had other social and political reforms in mind. These were frustrated by the hostility of the court as well as of the opposition parties. He was murdered by a revolutionary in 1911. The constitution of 1906 was frequently violated by both the government and the opposition. The former misused its emergency clauses to adjourn the Duma and rule by decree. The latter, especially the radical parties, sabotaged the legislative process. Even so, in its last decade Russia enjoyed greater freedom than ever before. It also enjoyed relative prosperity: on the eve of World War I it was the world's leading producer of petroleum and exporter of grain. Conditions in the countryside gradually improved, and in 1916 peasants owned or rented 90 percent of the arable land. Copy and paste this code into your page 1105 Start your free trial Shop the Britannica Store! More from Britannica on "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"... 50 Encyclop dia Britannica articles, from the full 32 volume encyclopedia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22 1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (S.S.R.'s) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now Kyrgyzstan), Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia (now Moldova), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, ... Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, flag of national flag consisting of a red field with a crossed gold hammer and sickle in the upper hoist corner and beneath a gold-bordered red star. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2. Communist Party of the Soviet Union the major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the Russian Revolution of October 1917 to 1991. Writers' Union of the U.S.S.R. organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that abolished existing literary organizations and absorbed all professional Soviet writers into one large union. The union supported Communist Party policies and was the defender and interpreter of the single Soviet literary method, Socialist Realism. Besides ... Commonwealth of Independent States free association of sovereign states formed in 1991, and comprising Russia and 11 other republics that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. The Commonwealth had its origins on Dec. 8, 1991, when the elected leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Belorussia) signed an agreement forming a new association to replace the crumbling Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ... More results 18 Student Encyclopedia Britannica articles, specially written for elementary and high school students Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Within one week's time, in the summer of 1991, the 74-year-old Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) or Soviet Union became a finished part of history. The Soviet Union was the world's largest country. At its greatest extent, it covered an area of 8.6 million square miles (22.3 million square kilometers), almost seven times the area of India and two and a half ... Soviet Period from the Russia article Russia was in turmoil until the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, officially established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Dec. 30, 1922 (see Russian Revolution). The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic dominated the Soviet Union for its entire 74-year history. Almaty Founded on the site of an ancient settlement, the city of Almaty served as the capital of the Soviet Union's Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1991. It was the capital of the Central Asian republic of Kazakhstan until 1997, when the capital was changed to Astana. Farming in Communist Countries from the agriculture article Communist governments have worked to increase the supply of food and fiber in their countries. They have set up large cooperative and state farms, which use the labor and land of former private owners. In many cases they have met resistance. Also, crop results often have not come up to the expectations of leaders. In the late 1980s the Soviet Union's output of grain per ... Britannica online encyclopedia article on Volga River: river of Europe, the continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The Volga's immense economic, cultural, and historic importancealong with the sheer size of the river and its basinranks it among the world's great rivers. Physical features Physiography Hydrology Climate The economy Dams and reservoirs Navigation Environmental changes Study and exploration Additional Reading Print this Table of Contents article 176 Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. Rising in the Valdai Hills northwest of Moscow, the Volga discharges into the Caspian Sea, some 2, 193 miles (3, 530 kilometres) to the south. It drops slowly and majestically from its source 748 feet (228 metres) above sea level to its mouth 92 feet below sea level. In the process the Volga receives the water of some 200 tributaries, the majority of which join the river on its left bank. Its river system, comprising 151, 000 rivers and permanent and intermittent streams, has a total length of about 357, 000 miles. Physical features The river basin drains some 533, 000 square miles (1, 380, 000 square kilometres), stretching from the Valdai Hills and Central Russian Upland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east and narrowing sharply at Saratov in the south. From Kamyshin the river flows to its mouth uninterrupted by tributaries for some 400 miles. Four geographic zones lie within the Volga basin: the dense, marshy forest, which extends from the river's upper reaches to Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorky) and Kazan; the forest steppe extending from there to Samara (formerly Kuybyshev) and Saratov; the steppe from there to Volgograd; and semidesert lowlands southeast to the Caspian Sea. Volga-Baltic Waterway system of rivers and a canal in western Russia linking the Volga River with the Baltic Sea. The Volga-Baltic Waterway connects with the White Sea Baltic Canal at Lake Onega. The total length of the waterway is about 1, 100 km (685 miles). Volga-Don Canal canal linking the lower Volga River with the Don River at their closest point in southwestern Russia. The canal runs from Kalach-na-Donu, on the eastern shore of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, for 101 km (63 miles) to Krasnoarmeysk on the Volga immediately south of Volgograd. There are 13 locks along its route, which drops 88 metres (289 feet) to the Volga and 44 metres (144 ... Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province monebaggasse